Introduction:-
Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine &
Storage has been implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme
through its 31 Central Integrated Pest Management Centres (CIPMCs) in different
states of India since 1991-92. Various activities like pest Survey, surveillance
& monitoring, IPM demonstration, promotion of bio-control of different crop
pests and weeds, conducting Farmers Field Schools and short and long duration
training programmes under Human resource development programme are being
carried out by these centres in different crops. The impact, outcome and
success stories achieved through these IPM activities are enumerated as under:
-
1. Pest
Survey and Surveillance Programmes:-
Pest
survey and surveillance programmes conducted in different crops to monitor the
pest and disease situation helped: -
(I)
To detect the early incidence of the
pest and disease build up in advance enabling the Agriculture Extension
Officers for issuance of timely advisories for the adoption of suitable management
strategies.
(II)
The pest survey and surveillance
programme also helped to detect the following emerging pest and disease
problems in different crops:-
Sl. No.
|
Year
|
Emerging Pest Problems
|
1.
|
2002
|
Wooly aphids, Certovocuna
lanigara on Sugarcane, in Maharashtra state.
|
2.
|
2005
|
Spodoptera
litura on
sunflower in Central and South India.
|
3.
|
2006
|
Mirid bug, Creontiades
spp on Bt cotton in south India.
|
4.
|
2007
|
Spodoptera
mauritia
on paddy in Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.
|
5.
|
2008
|
Spodoptera
litura on
Soy bean in Kota region of Rajasthan and Viderbha region of Maharashtra.
|
6.
|
2008-09
|
Cotton mealy
bug Phenococcus solenopsis Tinsley Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Maharashtra.
|
7.
|
2009
|
Papaya Mealy
bug Paracoccus marginatus in South India.
|
8.
|
20010-11
|
-Yellow rust
on Wheat in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Haryana and Uttar
Pradesh.
- Leaf Curl
Virus in cotton in North India, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan.
|
9.
|
2011-12
|
-Katte and
Kande Disease (Marble) in large Cardamom in Karnataka state.
-Spine Footed
bug in Banana in Maharashtra.
-bud rot in
Oil Palm in Mizoram.
|
10.
|
2012-13
|
-Cuscuta
weeds in Lentil in Bihar.
- Ambrosia
psilostachya weed in Karnataka.
- Orobanchae
weeds in Haryana.
Ginger-
Rhizome rot in NE region
Gram- wilt in
Maharashtra
Coconut- Mite
in Odisha
Head blight
(Head scab) in Wheat in Uttrakhand & Haryana.
|
11.
|
2013-14
|
- Dawney
mildew on Maize crop in Karnataka state.
- Red hairy
caterpillar on pulses and maize crop in Madhya Pradesh.
- Rice Blast
in seed bed of Rice in West Bengal.
- Foot Rot in
rice in Western U.P., Punjab, Haryana and Uttarakhand.
- False smut
disease in Rice in Jharkhand.
- Helicoverpa
and Semilooper in Punjab.
- Fruit fly, Leaf curl virus & Rodents at Andaman
& Nicobar, Port Blair.
|
12.
|
2014-15
|
-Longiya
disease on Coriander crop in Haroti area of Rajasthan.
-Leaf Curl
Virus on Chili crop in Madhya Pradesh.
-Mar (wilt)
disease on Cotton in Maharashtra.
-Banana
skipper (Erionota thrax) on Banana in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
- Tuta absoluta / Tomato leaf miner (?) in
tomato in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
- Lanka ramakrishnai (Pollu beetle) in Black pepper in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
- Carvalhoia arecae (Spindle
bug) & Yellow leaf in Areca nut at Kerala.
|
(I)
Helped to identify the endemic
pests areas.
(II)
(IV)
Helped to issue the pest advisories
to make timely and suitable Pest Management Strategy.
1.
IPM Demonstrations:-
IPM Demonstrations conducted in early 90s
showed that the calendar based application of pesticides are neither needed nor
beneficial for crop yield. Chemical pesticides are not always necessary.
Cultural practices are needed to be
exploited for the suppression of pest population to economic threshold level.
In spite of different modules tried for
implementation of IPM, chemical based IPM is still dominated which is required
to be replaced with bio-pesticides based IPM.
2.
Biological Control: -
The certain classical
examples of successful Bio-control as observed are as under:
·
Management of Cotton Mealy bug (Phenacoccus
solenopsis) by its parasitoid Arenaceous
bombaywala in North India
·
Trichoderma
sp. are being used as bio-control agent against many seed borne & soil
borne plant pathogens. Trichoderma is one of the best known bio-control
agents against pathogens like Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora,
Sclerotinia, Alternaria.
•
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses (Ha-NPV
& S-NPV) were able to control pests like Helicoverpa armigera & Spodoptera
litura in Gram, Cotton, Tomato, Soybean crops.
•
Egg parasitoid Trichogramma sp.
successfully managed many Lepidopteran pests.
• The
exotic parasite Aphelinus mali (Haldi) a native of North America is able
to control wooly aphids, Eriosoma lanigerum of apple in Kashmir vally.
•
The effective control of Pyrilla can be
achieved by augmenting its ecto nymphal
and adult parasite Epiricania melanoleuca along with its egg parasite Tetrastichus
pyrillae
• Use of Lady Bird beetle against aphids
found useful in certain crops.
• Use
of Zygogramma bicolarata against Parthenium weed is found successful in
many places.
• Use
of Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhornae against water hyacinth is
found successful.
3.
Farmers Field Schools
(FFS):-
I)
Farmers Field School (FFS) programme was
found helpful to popularize the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
among the farming community.
II)
This programme empowered the farmers
with IPM knowledge and skill and enables them to grow healthy crops with
reduced cost and least disturbance to environment.
III)
IPM Farmers could know that beneficial
organisms are also found in agro ecosystem which is contributing a lot to
manage the pest population below economic threshold level. Now the Farmers can
identify the beneficial organisms in crop field.
IV)
This programme enabled the farmers to
encourage the use of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) through IPM.
V)
The programme has also empowered the
farmers in understanding the Agro-eco-system and the types of eco-friendly
intervention which are required to be taken up at appropriate crop growth stage.
VI)
Farmers Field schools programme has been
widely accepted by the other schemes of Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation (DAC) of Govt. of India like Macro management, National Food
Security Mission (NFSM), National Horticulture Mission and Rashtriya Krishi
Vikas Yojna (RKVY) through different State Agriculture Departments. The
programme has also been accepted by different NGOs and farmers clubs and help
groups.
VII)
Decision making: Farmers
became competent to take self decision about their field Estimation and
observation of Economic Threshold Levels (ETLs), Pest and Defender ratio (P:D
ratio) and Agro-Eco-System Analysis (AESA) are being used as parameters for taking decision for
resorting chemical operations for the pest management purpose time to time.
These parameters were also found useful for issuance of pest advisories by the
extension officers working for CROPSAP programmes. However, the farmers use
their own experience, calendar based spray of chemical pesticides or the
advised rendered by the Agriculture Extension Officers of their areas or
pesticide dealers. Here, the farmers are required to be more awared about these
parameters. Though all these parameters are having their own limitations.
VIII)
Awareness among the farmers was created
about the following IPM concepts and techniques : -
-
Economic threshold level (ETL).
-
Agro ecosystem analysis (AESA).
-
Beneficial fauna present in agro
ecosystem.
-
Harmful effects of chemical pesticides
on beneficial fauna.
-
Use of Bio-pesticides.
-
Use of pheromone traps, Light traps,
Yellow sticky traps etc.
-
Use of Neem seed kernel extract.
-
Deep summer flowing.
-
Growing of resistant varieties and
healthy seeds etc.
-
Seed treatment.
4.
Season Long Training Programme: -
Total 61 seasons
long training programmes of one month duration were conducted in different
states on different crops through which 2440 number of agriculture extension
officers were trained as master trainers in different states who are conducting
further trainings to their fellow officers in their states.
5.
Grow Safe Food: -
Government of India have initiated ‘Grow
Safe Food’ campaign by wide
publicity through placement of hoardings at prominent public places in
28 states and one UT by 31 Central Integrated Pest Management Centres located
in these states. Apart from public places the similar hoardings are also placed
and also being placed in the villages where the IPM Farmers field Schools have
been and are being conducted in the ensuing Rabi season. 26 numbers of special
training programmes of pesticides dealers of 2 days duration on safe and
judicious use of pesticides were also conducted in 28 states and 1 UT by the
respective CIPMCs of these states during Kharif 2014-15 seasons. The message of
“Grow Safe Food” is also uploaded on the website of Directorate of Plant
Protection Quarantine & Storage (Dte. of PPQ&S) under DAC of Govt. of
India and been scrolled on Home page of the website for wide publicity of this
programme. This programme found helpful
for spreading the message of safe use of pesticides based on 5 principles use
pesticide for right crop against right pest at right time in right dosage
applying right method. This programme was found as an effective way to grow
safe food.
1.
Impact of IPM on
Chemical and Bio-pesticide consumption in India:
Since Independence up to 1990-91 the consumption of
Technical Grade pesticides in India rose from 160 MTs to 75,033 MTs.
Thereafter, due to Implementation of IPM programmes on different crops in the
country led to gradual reduction of its consumption till 2005-06 reached to the
level of 39,773 MTs Technical grade except in the years 2001-02, and 2002-03
when slight increase was noticed due to sudden outbreak of secondary pests like
mealy bugs, white flies, Jassids, thrips and aphids in cotton, and mealy bugs
in vegetables and fruit crops, similarly wooly-aphid in sugarcane crop. The
consumption of pesticides from 2006-07 to 2012-13 it remained almost static
around 41,000 MTs. However, slight increase was observed during 2010-11 (55,540
MTs) .This slight increase of pesticide consumption may be due to flare up of
sucking pests (Jassids, White fly,
Thrips, Mealy bug, Aphids ) on cotton and yellow rust diseases on wheat and
large scale use of herbicides in many crops by the farmers.
The consumption of Bio-pesticides rose from 123MT in
the year 1994-95 to 6274MTs in the year 2013-14.
2.
Impact of IPM in
different crops: -
Crop
|
Cost Benefit
Ratio
|
Number of
application of pesticides
|
Yield
(q/Ha)
|
%Increase in
Yield in IPM plots over non-IPM
|
IPM
|
Non-IPM
|
IPM
|
Non-IPM
|
IPM
|
Non-IPM
|
Cotton
|
1:2.9
|
1:1.8
|
3-5
|
11-15
|
3.11(lint)
|
2.8 (lint)
|
9.96
|
Rice
|
1:2.6
|
1:1.9
|
0-1
|
4-7
|
22.6
|
21.8
|
3.54
|
Soybean
|
1:2.6
|
1:1.8
|
0-2
|
2-6
|
12.4
|
12.1
|
2.42
|
Gram
|
1:3.3
|
1:2.2
|
0-1
|
2-4
|
8.7
|
8.3
|
4.60
|
Wheat
|
1:1.8
|
1:1.5
|
0-2
|
2-4
|
28.2
|
27.7
|
1.77
|
Potato
|
1:2.6
|
1:1.9
|
1-2
|
3-6
|
202.4
|
198.0
|
2.17
|
Sugarcane
|
1:2.6
|
1:1.7
|
1-3
|
5-9
|
788.0
|
752.0
|
4.57
|
3.
Success stories: -
A.
Management of Cotton leaf curl
virus disease: -
In
India, cotton leaf curl virus disease was first reported on American cotton in
Sriganganagar area of Rajasthan state during 1993 and during 1994, it appeared
in Haryana and Punjab states on hirsutum cotton and posed a major threat
to its cultivation in northern India. The disease has appeared in an epidemic
form during 1997 in the Rajasthan affecting area of 0.1 million hectares. The
major area (more than 90%) has now come under Bt cotton hybrids. Cotton leaf
curl virus disease appeared in a severe form during 2009-10 crop seasons in
some areas of northern zone. The certain resistant varieties also showed
susceptible reaction in hot spot areas.
The following
strategy was adopted to manage this disease successfully: -
· CIPMC Jalandhar, Faridabad and
Sriganganagar are conducting regular survey in cotton leaf curl virus affected
areas for detection and issuance of timely advisories.
· During Kharif season targeted
villages are being monitored and farmers are educated through Farmers Field
Schools and Human Resource Development Programmes for the management of this
disease and its vector i.e., white fly.
· One SLTP on cotton crop focusing leaf
curl virus issues was conducted by CIPMC, Faridabad at Sirsa, and Haryana
during 2012-13.
·
Farmers
were advised to sow resistant varieties /hybrids
released in North India i.e., H-1117, H-1226, H-1236, F-1861, LH-2076, RS-875,
RS-810, RS-2013, LHH-144, CSHH-198, CSHH-238 and CSHH-243.
· Removal of weed hosts during the growing season and off season,
which are alternate hosts to CLCV.
· Use yellow sticky traps for mass trapping of whiteflies
·
Application of neem
formulations i.e., Azadirachtin 0.03% (300 ppm) (Neem Oil Based WSP) or
Azadirachtin 0.15% W/W (Neem Seed Kernel Based EC) @ 2.5-5.0 l/ha, or
Triazophos 40% EC @1.5 l/ha or Ethion 50% EC@ 2.0 l/ha
· While spraying, ensure thorough coverage of the lower surface
of cotton leaves for effective control of whitefly.
B.
CONTROL OF COTTON MEALY BUG IN PUNJAB
DURING 2007-08 THROUGH IPM
The mealy bug, Phenacoccus solenopsis
caused severe damage to cotton crop in Punjab during 2007-08 and it
emerged as new threat to cotton crop in North India.
The mealy bug
was successfully controlled in Punjab during 2008-09 by adopting IPM strategies
and combined sincere efforts by CIPMC, Jalandhar, and State Dept. Of
Agriculture, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana and NCIPM, New Delhi. The
following off season and crop season IPM strategies have considerable
contributed in the management of cotton mealy bug:
C.
Management of outbreak of Swarming Caterpillar of rice in Odisha state: -
CIPMC, Bhubneswar have
participated in e-Pest surveillance programme under CROPSAP scheme implemented
by the state Government in collaboration with state Government and National
Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM), New Delhi during 2010-11 to
2014-15 with the result swarming caterpillar outbreak was successfully managed.
A.
Management of Yellow Rust disease
in wheat crop: -
Since
2010-11, Yellow rust of wheat is appearing in significant intensity in the
Northern state like Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir,
Western Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand every year. The regular intensive
monitoring of this disease is being undertaken since its first occurrence every
year by the teams of Central IPM Centre Srinagar, Jammu, Solan, Jalandhar,
Faridabad and Dehradun. With the result, this disease is being managed every
year.
D.
Management of invasive spiraling
whitefly Aleurodicus disperses Russell in India:
The spiraling whitefly Aleurodicus
disperses Russell native to Caribbean islands and Central
America probably came to India either from Sri Lanka or Maldives. In India, it
was first reported in 1993 at Thiruvananthapuram on tapioca and later from
several other parts of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Maharashtra. The pest is highly polyphagous infesting about 280 plant species
in India.
CIPMC, Bangalore have recorded a new
parasitoid namely Encorsia sp. Parasitizing this pest significantly. The
augmentation of this parasite in spiraling
whitefly infested area could be able to manage the population of this pest
significantly and with the result, the chemical applications could be avoided.
ICAR has dropped to import the natural enemies against this pest. Now the pest
is managed by the naturally available parasitoids & predators.
E.
Management of exotic weed
namely Ambrosia psilostachya: -
Ambrosia psilostachya is an invasive weed of North American native. This weed have
been reported for the first time in Turvekere taluk of Tumkur dist. In
Karnataka state. CIPMC, Bangalore along with NIPHM Hyderabad and state
Department of Agri. Karnataka, ICAR, University of Agricultural sciences,
Bangalore conducting a regular survey and surveillance programme for
eradication of this weed through mass awareness among farmers with the help of
electronic and print media.
F.
Biological control of Sugarcane Pyrilla: Pyrilla
perpusilla Walker: -
The outbreak of Sugarcane pyrilla in Belgaum, Raichur,
Mysore, Mandya and Bellary districts of Karnataka state was managed with its ectoparasitoid
Epiricania melanoleuca transported from Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh during
the year 1983 to 1987. Similarly, Pyrilla outbreak of Kawardha Dist. Of Chhattisgarh
state was also successfully managed by this parasitoid transported from CIPMC,
Baroda during the year 2014.
A.
Sikkim-Emerged As An Organic
State:-
Integrated Pest
Management is an approach aiming reduction of chemical pesticides use in
agriculture. Central Integrated Pest Management Centre, Gangtok has
demonstrated IPM technology in different crops like Rice, Maize, Citrus, and
vegetable crops by way of conducting IPM Farmers Field Schools, two days IPM
training programmes to the farmers and 30 days long duration training to the
state extension officers and proved to grow these crops without use of chemical
pesticides by adopting certain non-chemical methods of pest management.
Continuous implementation and demonstration of these methods led the state to
become first organic state of India by the end of 2015.
G.
Management of aphid in Cole crops through
ecological engineering: -
A demonstration of Ecological Engineering in Cole crops
conducted by the Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
during Krishi Vasant 2014 held from 09-13 Feb, 2014 at Central Institute for
Cotton Research Nagpur. In this demonstration, the Cole crops were bordered by
the Sunflower, Mustard, Marigold and Coriander crops. The Sunflower was the
tallest crop to attract the Helicoverpa pest; it was surrounded by the
two rows of mustard to attract Chrysoperla and Lady Bird Beetle.
Coriander was an excellent crop for attracting different natural enemies of
main crop pets. Marigold crop was preferable crop for egg laying of Helicoverpa.
It was observed that the cabbage and cauliflower crops found affected with aphid
and the aphid population on Cole crops was found parasitized by Aphidius,
a potential parasite of aphid. This parasite could be able to manage the aphid
population on Cole crops. This demonstration field was visited by thousands of
farmers visited to Krishi Vasant 2014 at Nagpur and were impressed about the
role of this parasite of aphid for managing aphid population without use of
chemical pesticides.
H.
Papaya mealy bug-successfully controlled.
Papaya mealy
bug has created havoc in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
and Kerala during the years 2008-09. It infested nearly 60 host plants
including Papaya, Tapioca, Mulberry, Bhindi, Brinjal, Tomato, Turmeric, Cotton,
Sugarcane etc. Due to its severe damage, the production has come down to 60
percent. No chemical pesticides were found effective.
Available
natural enemies like Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Scymnus
coccivora were also not able to keep the pest population under
check.
The National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects
(NBAII), Bangalore in collaboration with CIPMC, Bangalore of Directorate of
Plant Protection quarantine and storage took efforts in importing three exotic
papaya mealy bug parasitoids viz Acerophagus papayae, Pseudleptomastix
mexicana and Anagyrus loecki during July, 2010. And these
parasitoids were multiplied in laboratory and were released into the farmers’
fields.
All these three parasitoids proved highly
successful in. These parasitoids especially Acerophagus papayae,
established very well and brought significant control of papaya mealy bug not
only on papaya, but also on other crops. Thus the papaya mealy bug was
effectively controlled.
I.
Sugarcane wooly aphid –Successfully controlled.
In the sugarcane fields of Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, a serious outbreak of sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera) in 2004 resulted in up to 30
per cent losses in sugar yields. The collaborative efforts of various CIPMCs of
Dte of PPQ&S and the Project Directorate of Biological Control have
identified two potential predators (Dipha aphidivora and Micromus igorotus) which proved effective to
control the woolly aphid population naturally.
For
successful control, early scouting was essential. The Central IPM centers took
up special rapid roving surveys on sugarcane in major sugarcane growing areas
in their respective states .The CIPMCs of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh; Tamil Nadu took up special surveys. (April 2004).
During their rapid roving surveys the farmers were trained to look for
infestations of the aphids and they were also taught to identify the above
predators available in their fields. The farmers were asked to collect these
predators available in neighboring fields and were encouraged to release them
into affected areas. As a result, the farmers were convinced of the
effectiveness of natural control and also started taking measures to conserve
the natural enemies to keep the aphid populations at a low level in addition to
adopting other management practices, thus the pest population did not flare
up in the coming years
