So for in IPM the main thrust was given mainly on plant protection by promoting biological approaches and other aspects of crop production, protection and management were not given much importance.IPM commenced from a slogan IPM for better Environment now reached up to natural farming.
In Natural Farming the main thrust is given on nature's system of crop production and protection based on the nature's self planned,self organised,self active,self sustained,self developing,,self nourishing ,symbiotic, system of crop production and protection already prevailing in nature which also includes promotion of crop yield through enhancement of soil fertility,restoration of damaged agroecosystem damaged due to indiscriminate use of chemicals in agriculture,conservation of biodiversity,agroecological and climate based crop rotation etc through use of traditional and also cow wastes based Natural farming inputs.
Themes of IPM:- Agriculture in India -Development and deterioration .
1.Agriculture in 16th century.India was known as golden bird growing 39 Percent of world's agricultural production with very strong economy.During this period the Farming was done on the basis of potential of soil,Prevailing Agroecosystem,climatic Conditions and on the basis of the previous experiences of our forefathers as no chemical pesticides and fertilizers were available during that period.Legendry poet Ghagh has written his several experience related with farming and other allied agriculture related sectors.
2.Farming Era of Britishers:-During the Era of Britishers the cash crops were given more importance than the food crops.Opium,Cotton,Sugarcane,Jute crops were grown here as a raw meterials.These raw materials were taken by the Britishers to their country to make their products and were again sent back to our country on very high rates.Course Cereals like Joar,Bajra,Barley,Kdon ,Sawan etc were grown as a food grains.
3.Era of Independence:-At the time of independence the total population of India was 34 crores and the total food grain production was nearly 50 million metric tonnes which has now reached up to million 314.51metric tonnes during 2021-22.Over 500 percent jump in food grain production since independence was achieved .
4.Era of Green Revolution:-Seeds of High Yielding crop varieties,Irrigation facilities ,Machanisation, Chemical pesticides and fertilizers were developed through which we have become self dependent or self sufficient in production of food grains as the food grain production reached up to more than 2oo million Metric tonnes .Though we have become self sufficient in food grain production but side by side several new pests and diseases problems have also emerged .,ground water level has gone down through tube wells and vilage ponds dried due to scarcity of water in the earth.Soil become baren and alkaline ,it's productivity has also reduced agro Ecosystem and biodiversity is also damaged due to indiscriminate use chemicals in agriculture.Now there is a need to restore the damaged Agroecosystem.IPM helps to restore the damaged Agroecosystem.
5.Era of IPM:- National Integrated Pest Mangement Programme was commenced during1990-91by merging of plant protection,pest Surveillance and monitoring and Biological control schemes of Dte of plant protection , quarantine and storage of Govt of India.During this era the judicious use of chemical pesticides was advocated. At the time independence the consumption of technical grade chemical pesticides in India rose from 160 metric tonnes to 75,033 metric tonnes during 1990-91. Due to implementation of IPM programmes in different crops in the country led to gradual reduction of its consumption till 2005-06 reached to the level of 39,773 Metric tonnes except in the year 2001-02 and 2002-03 when slight increase in the consumption of tech grade chemical pesticides due to sudden out breaks of secondry pests like mealy bugs,white flies,jassids,thrips and aphids in cotton and mealy bugs in vegetables and fruits and wolly aphid in sugarcane crops.The consumption of chemical pesticides from 2006-07to 2012-13remain almost static arround 41,000 Metri tonnes. however slight increase was observed during 2010-11(55,540Metric tonnes ) due to flareup of incidence of sucking pests on cotton and yellow rust in wheatand large use of herbicides in many crops by the farmers .
Consumption of biopesticides rose from 123 metric tonnes in the year 1994-95to 6274 MTin the year 2013-14.
2.The reduction of chemical pesticides was made on the basis of the descision taken through pest surveillance, monitoring.for maintaining pest population below ,ETL,.only on emergency useof chemicals was suggested in IPM.Agroecosytem Analysis (AESA)was considered as a new tectis of descision making Experience gained during the Management of COVID Emergency revealed when we could manage Covid emergency during 2020 without medicines we can also manage the pest problems without chemical pesticides provided we must have full political and beaurecratic willpower and support ,dedication,willingness, ,working sprit in team ,always be in readyness position to fight with an emergency situation ,to achieve success in any way,any time and at any cost with available and flow of resources .
3.Considerations in difinitions:-
i.Integration of methods to maintain pest population below ETL based on pest surveillance and monitoring and Agroecosystem Analysis (AESA) considering biotic and abiotic, ecological and phisiological
factors and previous experiences.
ii.Consideration of environmental,ecological, economical,natural,sociological ,political national and international issues and different aspects of life in IPM concept and diffinition.
iii.Consideration of inputs ,practices of natural farming along with IPM inputs and practices.
iv.Crop production, protection management, marketing,crop post harvest and consumption related issues.
v.Consideration of impact of Earth, water, solar energy, cosmic energy, and air in farming System .
vi.Consideration of health issues.
vii Consideration of Farmers ,Social , Environmental and natural problems.